Daijiworld Media Network - New Delhi

New Delhi, Aug 3: Jaundice, a condition marked by yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, occurs due to a buildup of bilirubin—a yellow pigment formed when the body breaks down old red blood cells. While the liver normally filters out this pigment through bile in the stool and urine, any disruption in this process—caused by liver issues, bile duct blockages, or rapid red blood cell breakdown—can result in bilirubin accumulating in the blood.

The pigment, when present in excess, settles in fat-rich tissues such as the skin and sclera (the whites of the eyes), leading to the characteristic yellowing. This is often first visible in the eyes, as the tissue is thinner and more transparent, making even slight changes noticeable. Known as scleral icterus, this can be one of the earliest signs of liver or bile duct problems.

Jaundice is broadly classified into three types depending on where the disruption occurs:

1. Pre-hepatic jaundice: Caused by excessive breakdown of red blood cells, overwhelming the liver’s capacity to process bilirubin. Conditions such as haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell disease, and malaria are common causes.
2. Hepatic jaundice: Originates from damage within the liver due to diseases like hepatitis, alcohol-induced liver injury, cirrhosis, or reactions to certain medications. Damaged liver cells fail to process bilirubin effectively.
3. Post-hepatic or obstructive jaundice: Results from blockages in the bile ducts, caused by gallstones, pancreatic cancer, or tumours, preventing bilirubin from exiting the body.

Besides yellowing of the skin and eyes, symptoms may include:

• Dark urine
• Pale or clay-coloured stools
• Fatigue
• Nausea or loss of appetite
• Itchy skin
• Upper abdominal discomfort

While jaundice in newborns is often harmless and temporary, in adults it can be a sign of serious health conditions. Medical attention is essential if jaundice appears suddenly or is accompanied by symptoms like severe abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, or confusion. In babies, early detection is vital, as high bilirubin levels can lead to complications if left untreated.

Ultimately, jaundice is a warning sign. Identifying and treating the root cause promptly is crucial to prevent further complications and safeguard liver health.