Daijiworld Media Network - New Delhi

New Delhi, Mar 10: Antibiotics have saved millions of lives over the decades, but their misuse and overuse are now contributing to the growing global crisis of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). In India, experts warn that easy access to antibiotics and widespread misconceptions about their use are accelerating the emergence of drug-resistant “superbugs”.

Doctors say several common myths — such as assuming antibiotics are needed for coloured phlegm or stopping medication midway once symptoms improve — are driving misuse and must be urgently addressed.

Dr A Rajalakshmi, senior consultant in the department of infectious diseases at KIMSHEALTH, Thiruvananthapuram, highlighted five major myths contributing to antibiotic misuse in the country.

One widespread misconception is that yellow or green phlegm automatically indicates a bacterial infection requiring antibiotics. However, doctors say nearly 80 per cent of respiratory infections are caused by viruses, against which antibiotics are ineffective. The colour of phlegm can simply indicate that the body’s immune system is responding to an infection and does not necessarily signal the need for antibiotics. Proper medical evaluation and testing are essential before antibiotics are prescribed.

Another common myth is that stronger or broad-spectrum antibiotics are always better. Experts caution that such medicines should be reserved for serious infections. For example, targeted antibiotics like amoxicillin may effectively treat specific bacterial infections such as streptococcal throat infections without damaging beneficial gut bacteria. Overuse of broad-spectrum drugs can disrupt the gut microbiome, cause side effects like diarrhoea and encourage the growth of resistant bacteria.

Doctors also warn against the belief that antibiotic misuse affects only the individual taking them. In reality, antimicrobial resistance can spread through communities and the environment.

Improper disposal of unused antibiotics, poor sanitation and the use of antibiotics in animals for growth promotion can all contribute to the spread of resistant bacteria among humans.

Another major factor driving resistance is stopping antibiotics before completing the prescribed course. Many patients discontinue medication once they start feeling better, but experts say this allows stronger bacteria to survive, multiply and potentially develop resistance to future treatments. These resistant strains can also spread to others if proper hygiene practices are not followed.

The practice of purchasing antibiotics over the counter without a prescription is also a significant concern. Many people buy antibiotics from pharmacies to seek quick relief and avoid visiting a doctor, often leading to incorrect dosage, incomplete treatment and increased risk of resistance.

Health experts emphasise that antibiotics should only be used when prescribed by a qualified doctor after proper diagnosis. Responsible use by healthcare providers, patients and other sectors such as animal husbandry is essential to prevent the rise of drug-resistant infections.

They stress that smart and responsible antibiotic use is key to ensuring these life-saving medicines remain effective for future generations.