October 16, 2025

India prides itself in recognising and celebrating "Unity in Diversity", and to underline that great aspect Daijiworld Mangalore, after thousands of diverse articles and analyses, has enthralled readers for decades now. I would like to highlight, amidst the assortment of attractive information in this exclusive Special, a lesser-known history and ancient monument of our co-minority community of Mangalore, in two parts. The next part will be on other old historic monuments complementary and connected with Islam in Mangalore. There are always those who thirst to know the little-known history and geography too—for it is part and parcel of our Kudla roots, very ancient and very valuable.

Mangaluru, Kudla, Kodial, Maikala, Mangalapuram—this place of many names—no doubt is a place steeped in multifaceted ancient history. Temples, Churches, Mosques, and more exist which hold history and culture often unknown. Mangalore thrives on worship of the Gods, no doubt! At every nook and corner, historic Temples, Mosques, and Churches can be found. The history of Mangalore connects with different ancient regions, languages, faiths, and religions, multi-faceted and overlapping.

Taking a look at an ancient Mosque—probably the oldest in the region—in Bunder, the heart root of old Kudla/Mangaluru, is indeed very enriching and thrilling. The original roots of real old Mangalore run between Sharavu Ganapathi Temple in Kodialbail and Mangaladevi Temple in Bolar. The famed Muslim ruler of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, is known to have had a role in the development of Sharavu Ganapathi Temple, according to historians who have authored books on Tipu history—a strange dream while he camped nearby caused him to donate land for the temple.

Tuluva and local rulers are known to have protected Muslim/Arab traders in ancient times and have given them free passage through their kingdoms, much before Westerners were heard of in this area. Western rulers too established close trade and cultural ties with Muslim kingdoms and provided space for their lifestyle. It is evident that there has been much intercourse between cultures and beliefs for ages, creating a mosaic that is inseparable in and around Mangalore and beyond. A deeper look at the oldest Masjids of Mangalore and connected historic auxiliaries will enlighten the intricate mosaic.

Zeenath Baksh Masjid, Bunder, Mangalore

This historic mosque is referred to as "Juma Masjid" and "Beliye Palli". It is right in the middle of ever-bustling Bunder, the old port of commerce locality sandwiched between Golikatte Road and Port Road, just a stone’s throw from the Gurpur river and North Wharf to its west. Here, a wide range of commodities and condiments were—and are still—traded. The area seems in chaos with old dilapidated buildings amid newer ones and narrow lanes choked with heavy traffic of all descriptions and gutters. One’s olfactory senses will be tested with multiple oriental aromas of spice, coffee, areca, pepper, cardamom, chilies, garlic, ginger, rice, pulses, onions, potatoes... and all kinds of condiments, retail and wholesale—and of course, rotting garbage.

A trader, M M Kini, opposite the mosque, is a licensed dealer in arms and ammunition—it is an old family business. This unique and antique mosque is around the corner from the Bunder Police Station and the famous old renovated Bombay Lucky Restaurant, well known to local folks. The Kanara Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI) is located a few yards opposite.

Bunder, the old port of Mangalore since ancient times, is the backbone of history, communication, and commerce, with thriving seaports and even the Lakshadweep Islands with which it shares a long history. The multi-religious business people around are of a very friendly and easy-going enthusiastic nature. A visit here is like going back in time and also tripping over the new order of life and faith.

The Masjid Zeenath Baksh in Bunder is said to have been established in Mangalore in 644 A.D. It was first established in Mangalore by Habeeb bin Malik, and the first Qadhi (Qazi) appointed was Hazarath Moosa Bin Malik, son of Malik Bin Abdullah. This mosque was probably inaugurated on Friday, the 22nd of the month of Jumadil Awwal (fifth month of the Islamic calendar) in the year 22 of Hijra (644 A.D.).

That this sacred Masjid was established by the holy men of Arabia, who were said to be kith and kin of the "Sahabas" (associates) of Prophet Hazarath Mohammad Rasulallah, makes it about 1400 years old—about a thousand years before the Portuguese brought Christianity here.

The Zeenath Baksh Mosque is indeed unique. The front portion (with a prayer hall on two levels) is no doubt added on in the 19th century (later too), and the tile roof has Basel Mission tiles. Another structure constructed later has four minarets and a typical dome and houses the 90-plus-year-old tomb of Hazrath Sheikuna Muhammed Moula Jalal Masthan Al Bhukhari, a saintly Khazi laid to rest here. Many young people come here to pray and find their lives changing with renewed goodness. Also, some of his kin’s tombs can be seen.

The inner ancient original mosque dates back centuries perhaps, and this old legend of a "Masjid" in the 1780s is said to have been refurbished and renovated systematically by the great Tiger of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, who is well known for such philanthropy. Anyone with a basic knowledge of layouts in the region cannot fail to recognise that this great monument, which spreads over a large area, has many characteristics of a temple—the large water tank (below ground level), the shape of the tiled roof (old Malabar), and the hand-carved woodwork (characteristically local).

Tipu added beautifully carved bulky rosewood pillars and also a carved ceiling—the huge carved works are majestic. The mosque was renamed after Tipu’s daughter, Zeenat Baksh. The prayer hall is on a plinth with an open colonnade running around the building under heavy overhanging eaves with carvings. The renovation coexists in harmony with the older, more ancient staccato structure.

The water tank in the center of the premises has granite steps and provides water for the ablutions or ‘Wuzu’ prescribed before ‘Namaz’. This Juma Masjid is well frequented by devotees for regular five-times Namaz and to visit the tombs. There is also a burial ground that partly encircles the mosque. One can see men and women frequenting this holy place; on festival occasions, this mosque can hold about 2000 people for the Namaz or prayer assembly. During Ramadan fasting and festivals, the religious spirit is at a peak and exemplary.

Tipu Sultan has also built a Masjid at Mangalore 2 km away from this mosque. It is presently called "Idgah Masjid" at the top of the hill (now called Light House Hill, in the town center near Aloysius University gate). Muslims from all over the district gather here and offer prayers on festive days of Eid-ul-Fitr and so on. Subsequently, in 1920, Mangalore Bail family constructed a large assembly hall or Jamath Khana. There are a good number of Muslims in Mangalore, and their concentration in this area is phenomenal.

Present Activity of the Masjid:

Considering the needs of the economically weaker people of the community, the management committee of the mosque has made initiatives to extend free service in various ways for the needy people of the community. Funds are raised from benevolent donors of the community for the purpose of marriages, education, medical relief, shelter, and other social basics. Also, the management committee of this mosque looks after the burial of destitutes free of cost. Efforts are on by the leaders for establishing and running schools and colleges from KG to PG for the benefit of the wider community who are rapidly marching forward in all spheres of activity.

"He is the One GOD; the Creator, the Initiator, the Designer. To Him belong the most beautiful names. Glorifying Him is everything in the heavens and the earth. He is the Almighty, Most Wise." (Quran, 59:24).

The current perception of Islam and the followers of religion and culture in Kanara and the coastal areas, in the light of new developments and issues that rule, calls for a closer look at the history and practice of Islam in this region. Muslim groups are generally labelled as "minority" and weak, but it must be clearly understood that the population is significantly strong, and their presence here can be traced back to the 7th century A.D., while Christianity is from the 16th century practically, though it is credibly said that Christianity landed in Kerala in the first century (53 A.D.), even before it reached Europe.

There are many facets that Muslims have dominated here for centuries and still do. Their sway is very significant and ancient and needs serious consideration of the rights and values guaranteed by tradition and the Indian Constitution. Islam is now an indelible part of this region, India, and the world over. They cannot be labelled as aliens and are part and parcel of the mainstream.

The Muslim community here, in view of all aspects, is a strong, rooted, and recognised community. It can be observed that the Muslim community’s progressive principles here are indeed very forward, and their outlook is advancing, influenced by the Middle East and Western standards and good education and industry. Many prominent properties and businesses are owned by them. Families are largely active; elders in the families are secure and cared for, and women seek good education. The entire community is enterprising, hard-working, cooperative, and presents a happier picture generally. Religion-wise, they are fervent and keep the tenets strong even in the face of hurdles. The world over, it is seen they are going from strength to strength, and leaderships have to be transparent.

Part 2 to follow.....