Daijiworld Media Network - New Delhi
New Delhi, Apr 10: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), continue to pose a major global health concern, with the World Health Organization estimating that over one million curable infections are acquired daily among people aged 15 to 49.
STIs are primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral intercourse, though some can also be transmitted through blood, shared needles or from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. More than 30 bacteria, viruses and parasites are known to spread through such contact.
Among the most common STIs, four are curable — Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia and Trichomoniasis — while viral infections such as Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus, HIV/AIDS and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) remain incurable but manageable.
Many STIs often show no symptoms, making regular screening essential. When symptoms do appear, they may include unusual discharge, pain or burning during urination, sores or rashes in the genital area, itching and discomfort during intercourse.
According to Dr Niti Kautish, Director of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Fortis Escorts Hospital Faridabad, testing frequency depends on age, lifestyle and risk factors. Sexually active women under 25 are advised to undergo annual screening, particularly for infections like chlamydia and gonorrhoea, which are often asymptomatic.
Women above 25 should also get tested annually if they have multiple partners, a partner with an STI or inconsistent condom use. Pregnant women are routinely screened for infections such as HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B to ensure the safety of both mother and child.
Experts recommend more frequent testing — every three to six months — for those at higher risk, including individuals with multiple partners or a history of STIs. Testing is also advised before entering a new sexual relationship, even in the absence of symptoms.
Routine HIV screening at least once in a lifetime and regular cervical cancer screening through Pap smears from the age of 21 are also important for early detection and prevention.
Health experts emphasise that timely testing, awareness and safe practices are key to preventing complications and ensuring overall sexual well-being.